In October 1889 the performance of Hauptmann's social drama Vor Sonnenaufgang ( Before Dawn ) made him famous overnight, though it shocked the theatregoing public. This starkly realistic tragedy, dealing with contemporary social problems, signaled the end of the rhetorical and highly stylized German drama of the 19th century. Encouraged by the controversy, Hauptmann wrote in rapid succession a number of outstanding dramas on naturalistic themes (heredity, the plight of the poor, the clash of personal needs with societal restrictions) in which he artistically reproduced social reality and common speech. Most gripping and humane, as well as most objectionable to the political authorities at the time of its publication, is Die Weber (1892; The Weavers), a compassionate dramatization of the Silesian weavers' revolt of 1844. Das Friedensfest (1890; "The Peace Festival") is an analysis of the troubled relations within a neurotic family, while Einsame Menschen (1891; Lonely Lives) describes the tragic end of an unhappy intellectual torn between his wife and a young woman with whom he can share his thoughts.

Hauptmann resumed his treatment of proletarian tragedy with Fuhrmann Henschel (1898; Drayman Henschel), a claustrophobic study of a workman's personal deterioration from the stresses of his domestic life. However, critics felt that the playwright had abandoned naturalistic tenets in Hanneles Himmelfahrt (1894; The Assumption of Hannele), a poetic evocation of the dreams an abused workhouse girl has shortly before she dies. Der Biberpelz (1893; The Beaver Coat) is a successful comedy, written in a rich Berlin dialect, that centres on a cunning female thief and her successful confrontation with pompous, stupid Prussian officials.

Hauptmann's longtime estrangement from his wife resulted in their divorce in 1904, and in the same year he married an actress and violinist, Margarete Marschalk, with whom he had moved in 1901 to a house in Agnetendorf in Silesia. Hauptmann spent the rest of his life there, though he traveled frequently.

Although Hauptmann helped to establish naturalism in Germany, he later abandoned naturalistic principles in his plays. In his later plays, fairytale and saga elements mingle with mystical religiosity and mythical symbolism. The portrayal of the primordial forces of the human personality in a historical setting (Kaiser Karls Geisel, 1908; Charlemagne's Hostage) stands beside naturalistic studies of the destinies of contemporary people (Dorothea Angermann, 1926). The culmination of the final phase in Hauptmann's dramatic work is the Atrides cycle, Die Atriden-Tetralogie (1941-48), which expresses through tragic Greek myths Hauptmann's horror of the cruelty of his own time and his disappointment with post-World War I European society.

Hauptmann's stories, novels, and epic poems are as varied as his dramatic works and are often thematically interwoven with them. The novel Der Narr in Christo, Emanuel Quint (1910; The Fool in Christ, Emanuel Quint) depicts, in a modern parallel to the life of Christ, the passion of a Silesian carpenter's son, possessed by pietistic ecstasy. A contrasted figure is the apostate priest in his most famous story, Der Ketzer von Soana (1918; The Heretic of Soana), who surrenders himself to a pagan cult of Eros.

In his early career Hauptmann found sustained effort difficult; later his literary production became more prolific, but it also became more uneven in quality. For example, the ambitious and visionary epic poems Till Eulenspiegel (1928) and Der grosse Traum (1942; "The Great Dream") successfully synthesize his scholarly pursuits with his philosophical and religious thinking, but are of uncertain literary value. The cosmological speculations of Hauptmann's later decades distracted him from his spontaneous talent for creating characters that come alive on the stage and in the imagination of the reader. Nevertheless, Hauptmann's literary reputation in Germany was unequaled until the ascendancy of Nazism, when he was barely tolerated by the regime and at the same time was denounced by emigres for staying in Germany. Though privately out of tune with the Nazi ideology, he was politically naive and tended to be indecisive. He remained in Germany throughout World War II and died a year after his Silesian environs had been occupied by the Soviet Red Army.

Hauptmann was the most prominent German dramatist of the early 20th century. The unifying element of his vast and varied literary output is his sympathetic concern for human suffering, as expressed through characters who are generally passive victims of social and other elementary forces. His plays, the early naturalistic ones especially, are still frequently performed, though not so often as during his lifetime.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Karl Holl, Gerhart Hauptmann, His Life and His Work, 1862-1912 (1913, reprinted 1977), is an early biography, written in the dramatist's lifetime. A short overview is presented in Hugh F. Garten, Gerhart Hauptmann (1954). A comprehensive survey of Hauptmann's life and an interpretive study of his creative output is offered in Warren R. Maurer, Gerhart Hauptmann (1982). For general critical analyses, see Leroy R. Shaw, Witness of Deceit: Gerhart Hauptmann as Critic of Society (1958); and Margaret Sinden, Gerhart Hauptmann: The Prose Plays (1957, reissued 1975). Studies of special themes and features of Hauptmann's writing include Philip A. Mellen, Gerhart Hauptmann and Utopia (1976), and Gerhart Hauptmann: Religious Syncretism and Eastern Religions (1984); and Carolyn Thomas Dussere, The Image of Primitive Giant in the Works of Gerhart Hauptmann (1979). K.G. Knight and F. Norman (eds.), Hauptmann Centenary Lectures (1964); and Peter Sprengel and Philip A. Mellen (eds.), Hauptmann Research: New Directions (1986), are collections of critical essays. Comparative studies of Hauptmann's place in the background of the 19th- and 20th-century German drama include Leroy R. Shaw, The Playwright & Historical Change: Dramatic Strategies in Brecht, Hauptmann, Kaiser & Wedekind (1970); and John Osborne, The Naturalist Drama in Germany (1971).