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MAURICE MAETERLINCK (1862-1949)
Maeterlinck was born of a very old Flemish family. He was educated at the College of Sainte-Barbe and later studied law at Ghent. Shortly after finishing his schooling he settled in Paris where he made the acquaintance of the leaders of the symbolist school of French poetry. These contacts combined with his own deeply religious instincts are probably largely responsible for the characteristics of Maeterlinck's earlier plays. Almost without exception these are occupied with the spiritual adventures of souls, and refuse to be bound by the ordinary facts of time and space. His career as a writer began in 1889 with a volume of verse and and his first play, The Princess Maleine. Three years later, in 1892, the well-known Pelleas and Melisande appeared. The critics, William Lyon Phelps and Ludwig Lewisohn, agree that three short plays--L'Intruse, Les Aveugles, and Interieur, are the best of his earlier works. 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The Foundation was granted a more extensive freedom to manage its capital independently, as well as the opportunity to invest in stocks and real estate. Freedom of investment, coupled with tax-exemption and the financial During the 1980s, the Foundation experienced a change for the better. The stock market performed outstandingly and the Foundation's real estate also climbed in value. A sour note came in 1985, when Swedish real estate taxes rose sharply and profits consequently vanished. In 1987, the Board decided to transfer Until 1968, in principle more than three persons could share a Nobel Prize, but this never occurred in practice. The previous wording of paragraph 4 was: "A prize may be equally divided between two works, each of which may be considered to merit a prize. If a work which is to be rewarded has been produced by two Nobel Media has three main objectives: to develop the Nobel programmes and find new formats, to increase international distribution of Nobel programmes, and to strengthen control over, with an aim to protect, the trademarks and immaterial rights of the Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Peace Center is located in an old train station building from 1872, close to the Oslo City Hall and overlooking the harbor. Director, would be determined by the Foundation's Board instead of the Swedish Government. and it was announced that Bertha von Suttner had received the 1905 Peace Prize. The Laureate herself was not present. During 1905-1946 the Prize Award Ceremonies were held at the Nobel Institute building, during 1947-1989 in the auditorium of the University of Oslo and since 1990 at the Oslo City Hall. The King of Norway Also in 1972 the Foundation received a donation from the Italian marquis Luigi de Beaumont Bonelli, who bequeathed his two wine-growing estates outside Taranto, southern Italy, to the Nobel Foundation. The properties were worth SEK 4.5 million. Their sale made possible the establishment of an annual in Chemistry, George de Hevesy, received his Prize in Sweden without any ceremonies and the 1944 Literature Laureate, Johannes V. Jensen from Denmark, received his Prize in Stockholm in 1945. in Chemistry, George de Hevesy, received his Prize in Sweden without any ceremonies and the 1944 Literature Laureate, Johannes V. Jensen from Denmark, received his Prize in Stockholm in 1945. fortunate enough to sell its entire holding in Bev?ringen before the real estate crash of the early 1990s. 1901 in promoting science and international understanding." On November 10, 1985, the Inamori Foundation in Kyoto awarded its first Kyoto Prize of JPY 45 million to the Nobel Foundation "with the aim of promoting science, technology and the arts in the spirit of the Nobel Prize." In 1974, the Statutes were changed in two respects. The confidential archive material that formed the basis for the evaluation and selection of candidates for the prizes, which was previously closed to all outsiders, could now be made available for purposes of historical research if at least 50 years had elapsed leaving each prize largely unchanged. The same was true of the Foundation's capital. By 1991, the Foundation had restored the Nobel Prizes to their 1901 real value. Today the nominal fund capital of the Nobel Foundation is about SEK 4 billion. In 2000 each of the five Nobel Prizes as well as the Economics Prize was worth SEK 9 million (about USD 1 million). This is well above the nominal value During the period 1939-1943, the Nobel Festivities were called off. In 1939 only the Laureate in Literature, Frans Eemil Sillanp?? from Finland, received his Prize in Stockholm at a small ceremony, with a subsequent dinner at the restaurant "Den Gyldene Freden" together with the Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, Visitors are welcome to experience the center on their own or as part of a guided tour. The center also offers a shop and a wonderful cafe. An important addition to the activities of the Nobel Foundation is its Symposium program, which was initiated in 1965 and has achieved a high international standing. Approximately 120 Nobel Symposia, dealing with topics at the frontiers of science and culture and related to the Prize categories, have taken According to paragraph 14 of the first Statutes from 1901, the Foundation was to be represented by a Board with its seat in Stockholm, consisting of five Swedish men. One of these, the Chairman of the Board, was to be designated by the King in Council. The Trustees of the Prize Awarding Institutions would appoint the others. The Board would choose an Executive Director from among its own members. An alternate (deputy) to the Chairman would be appointed by the King in Council (effective in 1974, by the Government), and two deputies for the other members would be elected by the Trustees. Maeterlinck's later plays, represented particularly by Monna Vanna and Mary Magdalene, are in decided contrast to the tendencies of the earlier ones, while The Bluebird, the Christmas novelty by which he is best known, is an imaginative play in a class by itself. Monna Vanna, his first brilliant success, was played on every important stage in Europe except in England where it was forbidden by the censor. Sister Beatrice, of the later period, has been rated by Phelps as one of the best acting plays of the 20th century. In 1911, Maeterlinck was honored with the Nobel Prize for literary achievement. |
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